Diagnosing multiple myeloma involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examinations, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and bone marrow examinations. Here are the primary methods used to diagnose multiple myeloma:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination

• Description: The doctor will review the patient's medical history and perform a physical examination, focusing on symptoms such as bone pain, infections, and signs of anemia or kidney problems.
• Purpose: To identify any physical signs of myeloma and assess the patient's overall health.
• Sources: Mayo Clinic, American Cancer Society

2. Blood Tests

• Complete Blood Count (CBC): Measures the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Blood Chemistry Tests: Assess kidney function, calcium levels, and overall metabolic status.
• Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP): Detects abnormal proteins (monoclonal or M proteins) in the blood.
• Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE): Identifies the type of abnormal protein.
• Beta-2 Microglobulin Test: Helps assess the extent of the disease.
• Sources: National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society

3. Urine Tests

• Urine Protein Electrophoresis (UPEP): Detects Bence Jones proteins, which are light chains of antibodies found in the urine.
• 24-Hour Urine Collection: Measures the amount of protein excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period.
• Sources: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, American Cancer Society

4. Bone Marrow Examination

• Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy: A sample of bone marrow is removed, usually from the hip bone, using a needle.
• Purpose: To check for the presence of myeloma cells and assess the extent of bone marrow involvement.
• Sources: Mayo Clinic, American Cancer Society

5. Imaging Tests

• X-rays (Skeletal Survey): Detects bone lesions or fractures.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Provides detailed images of bone and soft tissue.
• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Helps detect bone damage and soft tissue involvement.
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: Identifies areas of active myeloma.
• Sources: National Cancer Institute, Mayo Clinic

6. Cytogenetic and Molecular Tests

• Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Detects chromosomal abnormalities in myeloma cells.
• Gene Expression Profiling: Assesses the activity of genes involved in myeloma.
• Sources: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, American Cancer Society

Conclusion

Diagnosing multiple myeloma involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examination, blood and urine tests, bone marrow examination, imaging studies, and genetic/molecular tests. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment planning and improved outcomes.

Further Reading

• Mayo Clinic: Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis and Treatment
• American Cancer Society: How Multiple Myeloma is Diagnosed
• National Cancer Institute: Multiple Myeloma Treatment (PDQ®)
• Leukemia & Lymphoma Society: Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis

These resources provide comprehensive information on the methods used to diagnose multiple myeloma.